In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally a result of the not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, used for a Uncooked material First melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Appropriately, according to its output technological know-how, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide array of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://chancemvabd.blogproducer.com/39280316/lithium-niobate-crystal-an-overview